Metal powder refers to finely divided particles of metals or alloys, typically ranging from a few micrometers to a few hundred micrometers in size. Far more than just a raw material, metal powder is the foundational feedstock for a suite of advanced manufacturing technologies collectively known as powder metallurgy. The production of these powders is a science in itself, with common methods including atomization (where molten metal is disintegrated by a high-pressure stream of gas or water), chemical reduction, and electrolytic deposition. The chosen method dictates critical characteristics like particle size distribution, shape (spherical, irregular, or spongy), and porosity, all of which directly influence the final product's properties. Beyond 3D printing, metal powders are vital for more established techniques. In traditional press-and-sinter powder metallurgy, powder is compressed in a mold and then heated to bond the particles, creating net-shape or near-net-shape parts like automotive gears and self-lubricating bearings with minimal material waste. Metal Injection Molding (MIM) mixes fine powder with a polymer binder to create a feedstock that can be injection molded, ideal for mass-producing small, complex parts like firearm components and surgical tools. Furthermore, metal powders are used as thermal spray coatings to protect surfaces against wear and corrosion, and as essential ingredients in welding rods, explosives, pyrotechnics, and chemical catalysts.

In summary, metal powder is a versatile and critical engineering material that bridges the gap between traditional manufacturing and the digital future. Its unique ability to be formed, fused, and applied in controlled ways makes it indispensable across industries from aerospace and automotive to healthcare and energy, enabling lighter, stronger, and more efficient products.